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Indonesia is an enchanting country made up of as many as 17,000 islands. The cuisine is a vivid reflection of this diversity, where each region/island has its own unique culinary identity. With fragrant spices and fresh ingredients, they create dishes with a perfect balance of sweet, sour, spicy and salty flavors.
Many different herbs and spices are used in Indonesian cuisine. Most commonly used include: laos, djintan (cumin), djahé (ginger), kunjit (turmeric), ketoembar (coriander) and sereh (lemongrass). With these, they create sophisticated flavors from Bali's grilled satay to Sumatra's rendang and Java's nasi goreng, each bite tells a story of heritage and flavorful traditions deeply rooted in the heart of Indonesia.
In the Netherlands, the terms Indonesian and Indisch are often used interchangeably. However, they are two different things. For example, Indonesian cuisine originates from Indonesia itself, while Indisch cuisine is a mix of Dutch/European and Indonesian culinary influences, developed during the colonial period. The dishes are sometimes similar, but the background and some specific ingredients or preparation methods may differ.
Indonesian cuisine is a very diverse cuisine with different culinary traditions due to its many islands and ethnic groups. It uses local ingredients such as jackfruit, coconut, spices, and different types of meat and fish. It is known for dishes such as nasi goreng, rendang, satay, and soto.
On the other hand, Indische cuisine refers to the culinary traditions created during the colonial period when Dutch people were in the former Dutch East Indies. Many Indische immigrants (Indo-Europeans) came to the Netherlands after Indonesia's independence. They combined Indonesian cuisine with Dutch cuisine, created new dishes and started Tokos and restaurants here.
Indisch food has many similarities to Indonesian cuisine, for example, it uses the spices, herbs and cooking techniques from Indonesia. But it has also certainly developed its own distinctive flavors and preparation methods, often adapted to European taste preferences during the colonial period. Indeed, Indisch cuisine was influenced not only by Dutch cuisine, but also by British, Portuguese, French and Chinese cuisine, which were also influential in Indonesia during the colonial period.
The dishes were adapted to Western tastes, by omitting the sambal or choosing less spicy sambal. And instead of exotic ingredients, Dutch ingredients were used, such as potatoes, carrots, celery and cauliflower.
Indische rice table
One of the hallmarks of Indische cuisine is the rice table. An Indisch phenomenon invented by the Dutch. It is an elaborate meal consisting of several dishes served on one table. This often consists of a mix of meat, chicken, fish, vegetables, egg and various side dishes such as sambals, atjar (pickled vegetables), and prawn crackers. Popular dishes in include, nasi goreng (fried rice), rendang (slow simmered beef in coconut milk and spices), ajam smoor (stewed chicken in sweet soy sauce), toemis boontjes (stewed beans), sambal goreng telor (eggs in spicy sauce), and babi ketjap (pork in soy sauce).
Chili peppers are indispensable in Indonesian cuisine and form the backbone of many dishes. They add not only spiciness, but also depth and complexity of flavor. It enhances and enlivens the flavors in Indonesian cuisine. Different chilies are used, from mild to extremely hot varieties, depending on the desired flavor and spiciness level of the dish.
The best-known pepper used in many Indonesian dishes is the cabai or lombok, which we also call Spanish pepper or Cayenne here in the Netherlands. It is used not only fresh, but also dried or in pastes and sauces. These peppers are often combined with other herbs and spices, such as garlic, ginger, shallots, and trassi (fermented shrimp paste), to create the characteristic flavor profiles that are so typical of Indonesian cuisine.
Rawit chili, also known as bird's eye chili, is native to Southeast Asia and is widely used in the cuisines of countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia. It is known for its pungent flavor and is often used to give dishes an intense spiciness. In Indonesia, rawit chili is frequently used in sambal, sauces, curries, and other traditional dishes because of its strong flavor and heat.
Chilies are used to make another indispensable element in Indonesian cuisine - sambal. It is a spicy condiment that enriches dishes with an explosion of flavors. It is a spicy sauce or paste made from chili peppers, often combined with other ingredients such as garlic, shallots, trassi (fermented shrimp paste), lime juice, vinegar and sometimes tomatoes or tamarind.
There are countless variations and family recipes of sambal, each with its own unique flavor profile, heat level and regional influences. It is used as a flavor enhancer, dip, or as a side dish to flavor dishes from simple rice dishes to meat, fish and vegetable dishes. Well-known Indonesian sambals include:
- Sambal Oelek: A basic sambal made from red chilies, often with the addition of salt and vinegar. It has a simple, pure flavor and is versatile in use.
- Sambal Badjak: A fried sambal prepared by finely grinding chilies, garlic and shallots, cooked into a thick paste. It has a deeper flavor due to the frying of the ingredients.
- Sambal Matah: A Balinese sambal made from raw ingredients such as chopped red chilies, shallots, lime leaf and lime juice. It is fresh and spicy, often served as an accompaniment to grilled meat or fish.
- Sambal Tomato: A sambal with a balance of spicy and umami, made from chili peppers, tomatoes, trassi, garlic and sometimes palm sugar. The addition of tomatoes gives it a unique flavor.
Indonesia's food culture varies considerably from island to island. This is due to the vastness of the country, the different landscapes and the different ethnic groups living on each island. Below is an overview of the main/largest islands:
Java
Java, the most populous island, has a cuisine known for a perfect balance of sweet and savory flavors. Well-known Javanese dishes include Gudeg (stew of young jackfruit with coconut milk and spices) and Soto (flavorful soup filled with meat, spices and rice vermicelli). Herbs and spices such as bay leaf, coriander, ginger, garlic and tamarind are widely used and contribute to the unique flavor of Javanese dishes. Tempeh (fermented soybeans) and tofu are often used as sources of protein and are characteristic of many Javanese dishes.
Sumatra
Sumatran cuisine has a bold and fiery flavor, often with spicy chilies, coconut milk, sereh (lemongrass), djintan (cumin) and other aromatic spices. Rendang, is originally a Sumatran dish, but is eaten all over Indonesia. It is a dish of tender beef, coconut milk and a mix of spices that make for an unforgettable taste explosion. Gulai, (spicy curries) and Sambalado (dish of meat or fish in a spicy chili sauce) are also common dishes of Sumatran cuisine.
Bali and Nusa Tenggara
Balinese cuisine consists of a blend of rich spices and fresh ingredients. Dishes such as Babi Guling (suckling pig), Saté lilit (satay made from meat on lemongrass) and Lawar (traditional Balinese salad) showcase the island's culinary identity. In the Nusa Tenggara islands, the emphasis is on seafood, incorporating flavors from the sea into dishes.
Sulawesi
Sulawesi's cuisine is diverse and influenced by indigenous cultures. Pallu Butung (grilled fish) and Coto Makassar (spicy beef soup) are notable dishes. Unique forest vegetables such as Pucuk Labu (pumpkin shoots), Daun Katuk (leafy vegetable) and exotic meats are common here.
Papua
Papua's cuisine includes dishes with local produce, game and fish. For example, sea cucumbers and shellfish are commonly eaten. A basic ingredient in Papuan cuisine is Sago. It is obtained from the starch of the sago palm and is often used to make flat, thick pancakes or balls that are served as a side dish with various dishes. Papeda is also widely eaten. This is a thick porridge made from sago and is often served with a fish or meat sauce. A popular dish is Ikan Kuah Kuning (yellow fish soup).
Moluccan Islands
Moluccan cuisine is known for its vibrant and aromatic flavors, with herbs and spices such as nutmeg, cloves, bay leaf and lemongrass being widely used. Fish and shellfish also play an important role because of the islands rich in seafood. As in Papua, Papeda is also widely eaten here. Other popular dishes include ikan bakar (grilled fish), rica-rica (spicy dish of chicken or pork) and kohu-kohu (salad of raw vegetables and sometimes fish in a spicy sauce).
Kalimantan (Borneo)
The cuisine of Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo, is shaped by the Dayak ethnic group and local ingredients such as jungle products (wild fruits, vegetables and nuts) and freshwater fish. Bamboo is often used as a cooking tool and as an ingredient in Kalimantan cuisine. Dishes are then prepared by steaming ingredients in bamboo, giving them a specific flavor and aroma.
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